lunes, 3 de octubre de 2011

REPORTED SPEECH-GRAMMAR

REPORTED SPEECH

1) ORDERS /REQUESTS

2) STATEMENTS (AFFIRMATIVE-NEGATIVE)

3) QUESTIONS a) YES-NO QUESTIONS

b) WH-QUESTIONS

1) ORDERS (told-ordered-commanded)/REQUESTS (asked-requested)

Affirmative commands

Negative commands

Father (me): "Do your homework!."

Teacher (them). "Don't talk to your neighbour!"

Father told me to do my homework.

The teacher ordered them not to talk to their neighbour.

Affirmative requests

Negative requests

Helen (her sister) "Open the window, please!"

Billy (the people) : “Don´t smoke here, please?

Helen asked her sister to open the window.

Billy asked the people not to smoke there

Frank: (his wife) :”Can you help me, please?

Frank asked his wife to help him

2) STATEMENTS (said)

Backshift of tenses

from

to

Simple Present

Simple Past

Simple Past

Past Perfect

Present Perfect

Past Perfect

will

would

Progressive forms

am/are/is

was/were

was/were

had been

has been

had been

DIRECT SPEECH

REPORTED SPEECH

Peter: "I work in the garden."

Peter said that he worked in the garden.

Peter: "I worked in the garden."

Peter said that he had worked in the garden.

Peter: "I have worked in the garden."

Peter: "I had worked in the garden."

Peter: "I will work in the garden."

Peter said that he would work in the garden.

Peter: "I can work in the garden."

Peter said that he could work in the garden.

Peter: "I may work in the garden."

Peter said that he might work in the garden.

Peter: "I would work in the garden."
(could, might, should, ought to)

Peter said that he would work in the garden.
(could, might, should, ought to)

Progressive forms

Peter: "I'm working in the garden."

Peter said that he was working in the garden.

Peter: "I was working in the garden."

Peter said that he had been working in the garden.

Peter: "I have been working in the garden."

Peter: "I had been working in the garden."




If the sentence contains an expression of time, you must change it as well.

Peter: "I worked in the garden yesterday."
Peter said that he had worked in the garden the day before.

Shifting of expressions of time

DIRECT SPEECH

REPORTED SPEECH

this (evening)

that (evening)

today/this day

that day

these (days)

those (days)

now

Then, at that moment

(a week) ago

(a week) before

last weekend

the weekend before / the previous weekend

here

there

next (week)

the following (week)

tomorrow

the next/following day

Note:

In some cases the backshift of tenses is not necessary, e.g. when statements are still true.

John: "My brother is at Leipzig university."
John said that his brother was at Leipzig university. or
John said that his brother is at Leipzig university.

or

Mandy: "The sun rises in the East."
Mandy said that the sun rose in the East. or
Mandy said that the sun rises in the East.

3)QUESTIONS (asked-wanted to know)

a)

YES-NO QUESTIONS: …asked + if + subject + verb

DIRECT SPEECH

REPORTED SPEECH

Peter: (me)"Do you play football?"

Peter asked me if I played football

Millie: (Peter): “Have you finished your work?”

Millie asked if Peter had finished his work




b)

WH-QUESTIONS: …asked + wh-word + subject + verb

DIRECT SPEECH

REPORTED SPEECH

Peter: "When do you play football?"

Peter asked me when I played football.

Helen : “Where did they spend their holidays? “

Helen asked where they had spent their holidays






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